The first digital computer was invented in the year 1642 by Blaise Pascal, which was named the numerical calculating machine in Paris. But the history of computers started before itself with the invention of the Abacus in the year 3000 B.C. at Babylon. After that, in the era of 19th and 20th centuries, the primitive designs began.

 A computer is an electronic machine. The history of computer devices begins with the birth of the abacus, which is believed to be the first computer. A computer might be described as deceptively simple as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically”.

A computer is an electronic device that works in inbuild codings like data and from that, a user can get information after processing the data that the user feeds into the computer. A computer is built up of two main parts which are known as Hardware and Software which are the most essential parts to run a computer system.

History Of Computers PDF

History Of Computers

The history of computers starts with the early stages when computers were not invented, from the basic ideologies where people used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools. After some evolution in mankind, they invented devices like,

• Abacus - It’s a wooden rack with metal rods with beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads according to certain guidelines to complete arithmetic computations.

• Napier’s Bones - John Napier devised Napier’s Bones, a manually operated calculating apparatus. For calculating, this instrument used 9 separate ivory strips (bones) marked with numerals to multiply and divide. It was also the first machine to calculate using the decimal point system.

• Pascaline - Pascaline was invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher. It is thought to be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a wooden box with gears and wheels inside.

• Stepped Reckoner (or) Leibniz Wheel - In 1673, a German mathematician-philosopher named Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal’s invention to create this apparatus. It was a digital mechanical calculator known as the stepped reckoner because it used fluted drums instead of gears.

• Difference Engine - In the early 1820s, Charles Babbage created the Difference Engine. It was a mechanical computer that could do basic computations. It was a steam-powered calculating machine used to solve numerical tables such as logarithmic tables.

• Analytical Engine - Charles Babbage created another calculating machine, the Analytical Engine, in 1830. It was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing data in an infinite memory.                 

• Tabulating Machine - An American Statistician – Herman Hollerith invented this machine in the year 1890. The Tabulating Machine was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator. It could compute statistics and record or sort data or information. Hollerith began manufacturing these machines in his company, which ultimately became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924.

• Differential Analyzer - A differential analyzer is an electromechanical analog computing device that was used in the early and mid - 20 century for solving equations.

• MARK 1 -  Harvard Mark 1 is an early proto-computer, built during the period of World War II in the United States. Mark 1 was originally called as “Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator” by IBM in 1944.

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Generations Of Computers:

The evolution of computers is classified into five generations in the history of computers.

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First Generation of Computers (1940s - 1950s)

• In the history of computers, the first generation was used from the 1940s to the 1950s.

• These types of computers used vacuum tubes for electricity and magnetic drums for storage.

• These computers were cumbersome and huge, and they used low-level programming languages and did not use operating systems.

• The first generation of computers was used for calculation, storage, and control purposes.

Examples of First-Generation Computers

Examples of first-generation computers are 

• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

• EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

• UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer

Second Generation of Computers (1950s - 1960s)

• The Second Generation computers are from the years 1959 - 1965, these computers are called Transistors.

• In the generation of computers, the high-level programming language is called FORTRAN, COBOL.

• The second generation of computers consists of two types of devices: transistors and magnetic cores.

• It consumes low power, generates less heat, and is smaller in size with improved speed and reliability compared to the first-generation computers.

Examples of Second-Generation Computers

Examples of second-generation computers are

• IBM 1620

• IBM 7094

• CDC 1604

• CDC 3600

• UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation of Computers (1960s - 1970s)

• The third generation of computers was introduced in the history of computers from the year 1965 and stopped in the year 1971.

• Third-generation computers use integrated circuits in place of transistors.

• This computer was developed by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby in the year 1958.

• The usage of integrated circuits became reliable, generated less heat, was small in size, fast, had very little maintenance, and was inexpensive.

Examples of Third-Generation Computers

Examples of Third-Generation Computers 

• IBM-360 Series

• Honeywell-6000 Series

• PDP (Personal Data Processor)

• IBM-370/168

Fourth Generation Of Computers (1970s - present)

• Fourth-generation computers were introduced in 1972, following the third-generation computers that largely used microprocessors.

• These computers used the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits) Technology.

• VLSI circuits have about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip.

• Fourth-generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable, which gave rise to the Personal Computer (PC).

Examples of the Fourth Generation Of Computers

The examples of the fourth generation of computers

• DEC 10

• STAR 1000

• PDP 11

• CRAY-1(Super Computer)

• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

Fifth Generation Of Computers (Present and Beyond)

• The fifth-generation computers are the present and the future computers of the computer era.

• These types of computers are designed to work much faster, more powerful, and more intelligent than any of their predecessors.

• The fifth generation of computers uses Artificial Intelligence to perform various tasks.

• Japan invented the FGCS in 1982, a type of fifth-generation computer with high computing power that uses microelectronic technology.

Examples of the Fifth Generation Of Computers

Examples of the fifth generation of computers

• Laptop

• Desktop computers

• Notebook

• Chromebook

Classification Of Computers

 The computers are classified  in some ways:

• Size    - Computers range in size from personal laptops to large mainframe computers.

• Purpose - Computers can be classified as general-purpose, special-purpose, or embedded systems. 

• Architecture - Computers can be classified by design elements like input/output systems and memory organization.

• Data management capacity - Computers can be classified as digital, hybrid, or analog.

• Generation - Computers can be classified by the period of their invention, such as first-generation, second-generation, third-generation, fourth-generation, and fifth-generation.

On the whole

Overall, we have seen the history of computers and their evolution from one time period to another till today their growth, and how it is used in daily work life or personal life. And also we have seen its developments as many versions in it which are being advanced and used in all sectors to help mankind speed up the work, and also help to get absolute results at the final.

FAQ’s

Q. When and who invented the first computer in the history of computer devices?

Blaise Pascal invented the first digital computer in 1642, which could only add numbers entered into dials. 

Q. What was the first commercially available general-purpose computer?

The Ferranti Mark I is considered the first commercially available general-purpose computer because it was sold to Manchester University. 

Q. What are the most common types of computers?

The most common types of computers are 

• Personal computers(PC)
• Laptop: A type of microcomputer
• Smartphone: A type of microcomputer

Q. When and by whom was the first computer mouse invented?

The first computer mouse prototype was developed at SRI in 1964 by Bill English.

Q. How many generations of computers are there in the world?

There are 5 generations of computers are there in the world now, and the future generations of the 6th generation are in the ideology stage.

Q. What is the full form of MOUSE?

The full form of the MOUSE is Manually Operated User Selection Equipment.

Q. What improvement did the second generation bring?

The second generation (1956–1963) replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Programming moved to assembly language.

Q. What are integrated circuits, and which generation used them?

Integrated Circuits (ICs) were introduced in the third generation (1964–1971). They allowed many transistors to be placed on a single chip, making computers more efficient.

Q. What is the difference between hardware and software in early computers?

• Hardware: Physical components like vacuum tubes, transistors, and microprocessors.
• Software: Instructions and programs run by the computer; initially written in machine or assembly languages.

Q. What was ENIAC?

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was one of the first fully electronic general-purpose computers, developed in 1945. It used about 18,000 vacuum tubes.