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CURRENT AFFAIRS : BANKING, FINANCE & BUSINESS

Reserve Bank of India Census Shows United States and Singapore Contributed One-Third of India’s FDI in FY25

• In October 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the provisional results of the 2024–25 Annual Census on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA).

Key Highlights :

• As per the census, the United States (USA) and Singapore together accounted for over one-third of India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2024–25.
• The FLA Census covers cross-border liabilities and assets of Indian entities including companies, LLPs, AIFs, and partnership firms with inward/outward direct investment (DI).
• Out of 45,702 participating entities, 41,517 reported FDI and/or ODI in their balance sheets as of March 2025.
• Of these, 33,637 entities had also reported in the previous census, while 7,880 newly reported in 2024–25.
• Over three-fourths of the entities with inward investment were subsidiaries of foreign companies.
• Top FDI sources: USA (20%), Singapore (14.3%), Mauritius (13.3%), United Kingdom (11.2%), and Netherlands (9%).
• Top ODI destinations: Singapore (22.2%), USA (15.4%), UK (12.8%), and Netherlands (9.6%).
• The total FDI during 2024–25 stood at Rs 68,75,931 crore, while ODI was Rs 11,66,790 crore.
• Over 97% of DI entities were unlisted, yet they captured most of India’s FDI equity capital.
• Non-financial companies held 90.5% of total FDI equity at face value.
• The market value of FDI in unlisted companies surpassed that in listed companies by March 2025.
• In market value terms, ODI growth (17.9%) outpaced FDI growth (11.1%) in 2024–25.
• The manufacturing sector received the highest FDI share — 48.4% (market value) and 37.8% (face value).
• The services sector ranked second, led by information & communication and financial & insurance activities.

Securities and Exchange Board of India Proposes Comprehensive Revamp of Mutual Fund Fee Framework

• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) released a consultation paper proposing a comprehensive revamp of the mutual fund fee framework in India to make charges clearer, fairer, and more beneficial for investors.
• The reforms aim to simplify rules, enhance transparency, and lower costs for unit holders under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.

Key Highlights :

• Taxes and government levies like Securities Transaction Tax (STT), Goods & Services Tax (GST), and stamp duty will be excluded from the Total Expense Ratio (TER) and shown separately, to be charged directly to investors.
• SEBI proposed removing the temporary 5 basis points (bps) additional expense currently charged by Asset Management Companies (AMCs) on their Assets Under Management (AUM).
• To offset this, SEBI suggested a 5 bps increase in base TER slabs for open-ended active mutual fund schemes.
• A new optional performance-linked TER framework has been proposed, allowing fund houses to charge variable fees depending on a scheme’s performance.
• Brokerage and transaction cost caps will be tightened, with the cash market brokerage limit reduced from 12 bps to 2 bps, and derivatives brokerage from 5 bps to 1 bps.
• The proposed framework will improve disclosure and transparency, making it easier for investors to compare fund costs.
• The reforms aim to strengthen investor protection, enhance governance in the mutual fund industry, and align India’s mutual fund norms with global standards.

About SEBI :

• Established : 12 April 1988 as an executive body and was given statutory powers on 30 January 1992 through the SEBI Act, 1992
• Headquarters : Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Chairman : Tuhin Kanta Pandey
• SEBI is the regulatory body for securities and commodity markets in India under the ownership of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), GoI.

Asian Development Bank sanctions $460 million loan to boost agricultural solarization and rural power infrastructure in Maharashtra

• In October 2025, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a USD 460 million results-based loan for the ‘Maharashtra Power Distribution Enhancement Program for Agricultural Solarization’ to strengthen rural power infrastructure and promote solar-powered irrigation.
• An additional USD 40 million concessional loan from the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), administered by ADB, will complement the program.
• The program aims to transform rural power infrastructure, promote renewable energy adoption, and enhance agricultural productivity through reliable daytime solar power.
• It aligns with Maharashtra’s Power Sector Vision 2030, which focuses on boosting renewable energy and rural energy access.
• The project includes grid modernization, upgrading 180 distribution substations, installing 4,500 transformers, developing 3,000 circuit kilometers (ckm) of high-tension and 1,200 ckm of low-tension lines, and deploying 500 MWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS).
• It will introduce Agricultural Solarization Dashboards and monitoring systems for 2,500 substations to improve transparency and operational efficiency.
• The program provides Viability Gap Funding to support 1,000 MW of decentralized solar generation across Maharashtra.
• It targets to deliver daytime solar power to 900,000 farmers by 2028, reduce 3 million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, lower operational costs, and reduce transformer failures by 25%.
• The initiative will train 5,000 people, including 1,500 women, promoting green livelihoods, women’s empowerment, and technical capacity building in the renewable sector.

About ADB:

• Headquarters : Manila, Philippines
• Established : 1966
• President : Masato Kanda

Reserve Bank of India Proposes New Rules to Ensure Same-Day Credit for Cross-Border Remittances

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released a draft circular (dated 29 October 2025) proposing a major update to India’s cross-border payment framework to ensure faster and more transparent remittance processing.
• Banks must credit foreign remittances on the same business day if received during forex market hours, and credit them the next business day if received after market hours.
• The proposal mandates straight-through processing (STP) — a fully automated system to reduce manual errors and transaction delays.
• Nostro account reconciliation must be performed in near real-time, with intervals not exceeding 30 minutes, ensuring timely fund tracking and accuracy.
• Banks are advised to offer digital platforms where customers can upload documents and track transaction status online, enhancing user convenience and transparency.
• The reforms aim to provide seamless, faster, and more reliable foreign fund transfers, benefiting individuals, students, exporters, and migrant families.
• The move aligns India’s payment systems with global standards for instant or near-instant cross-border payments, improving the country’s financial competitiveness.
• The initiative supports financial inclusion, ensuring low-income households dependent on remittances receive funds quickly for essential needs like healthcare and education.
• Banks should audit and upgrade their current remittance systems, while businesses should integrate faster payment workflows into their financial operations.

SBI Foundation launches SMART-CROP project to boost farm resilience in Telangana

• In October 2025, the SBI Foundation, CSR arm of State Bank of India (SBI), launched the SMART-CROP (Sustainable Monitoring and Real-time Tracking for Crop Resilience and Optimal Practices) project in Hyderabad, Telangana.
• The project was launched in collaboration with University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and Agribridge.
• It is a three-year initiative supported under SBI Foundation’s LEAP (Livelihood and Entrepreneurship Accelerator Programme).
• The project aims to strengthen the resilience and productivity of over 8,000 smallholder farmers in Karnataka (Bidar, Kalaburagi, Raichur) and Telangana (Sangareddy, Vikarabad).
• It uses satellite imaging, remote sensing, and AI/ML analytics to provide real-time crop stress monitoring.
• The monitoring helps enable preventive actions against climate risks, pests, diseases, and soil degradation.
• The project primarily focuses on pulse crops, specifically chickpea and pigeonpea.

U.S. Federal Reserve Cuts Interest Rates Again to 3.75%–4.00% Amid Inflation and Policy Divide

• The Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate for the second time in 2025, lowering the target range to 3.75%–4.00% to support a cooling labor market amid persistent inflation and internal policy disagreements.
• The move highlights the Fed’s balancing act between protecting employment and containing inflation, which remains above the 2% target despite recent moderation.
• The rate cut was prompted by weakening labor market signals, including slower job creation and rising unemployment claims, raising concerns of a potential economic slowdown.
• The U.S. government shutdown has caused a data drought, disrupting releases of key employment and inflation reports, forcing the Fed to rely on incomplete indicators for decision-making.
• The decision revealed deep divisions within the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) — Stephen Miran advocated a larger half-point cut, while Jeffrey Schmid opposed any reduction, citing inflation risks.
• Fed Chair Jerome Powell acknowledged “strongly differing views” among members, suggesting uncertainty over the next policy move ahead of the December meeting.

International Financial Services Centres Authority grants in-principle approval to Infibeam Avenues for payment services at GIFT-IFSC

• In October 2025, IA Fintech IFSC Private Limited (IA Fintech), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infibeam Avenues Limited (IAL), received in-principle approval from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) to operate as a Payment Service Provider (PSP) at GIFT-IFSC, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• IA Fintech was approved to offer Escrow Services, Cross-Border Money Transfers, and Merchant Acquisition within the GIFT-IFSC ecosystem, subject to final authorization.
• The initiative aims to provide faster, cost-effective, and transparent digital payment and settlement solutions for businesses operating in GIFT-IFSC.
• The approval marks a strategic expansion for Infibeam Avenues, creating a new revenue stream and supporting India’s goal to develop GIFT-IFSC as a global financial hub.
• The operational framework will reduce reliance on traditional correspondent banking systems, cut settlement time from 36–48 hours, lower transaction costs, and enhance efficiency in cross-border transactions.

RBI FAQs-The Reserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme, 2021

• The Reserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021 was launched on November 12, 2021, integrating three earlier schemes — Banking Ombudsman Scheme (2006), NBFC Ombudsman Scheme (2018), and Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme (2019) — into one unified mechanism.
• The scheme adopts the “One Nation, One Ombudsman” approach, making grievance redress jurisdiction-neutral and cost-free for customers.
• Objective: To ensure speedy, cost-effective, and satisfactory redress of complaints involving deficiency in service by Regulated Entities (REs) such as banks, NBFCs, Payment System Participants (PSPs), and Credit Information Companies.
• Deficiency in service means any shortcoming or inadequacy in financial services that an RE must provide, which may or may not cause financial loss.

Key Highlights :

• The Alternate Grievance Redress (AGR) Framework includes RBI Ombudsmen (RBIOs), Consumer Education and Protection Cells (CEPCs), and the Consumer Education and Protection Department (CEPD).
• Centralised Receipt and Processing Centre (CRPC) at RBI Chandigarh handles physical complaints and uploads them to the Complaint Management System (CMS) for redress.
• Contact Centre (Toll-Free 14448) assists complainants with filing procedures and complaint status in English, Hindi, and 10 regional languages.
• RB-IOS covers commercial banks, NBFCs (with assets ≥ ₹100 crore), payment system participants, and credit information companies.
• Complaints not covered include those not first reported to the RE, filed before 30 days, made after one year, already settled, or related to commercial decisions, vendor disputes, or employee issues.
• A complaint can be filed with the RBI Ombudsman if not resolved by the RE within 30 days or if the customer is dissatisfied with the response.
• Complaint tracking: After filing, complainants receive a complaint number via SMS/email and can track progress on the CMS portal.
• Filing fee: No charge for filing or resolving complaints; customers should not pay third parties for complaint assistance.
• Compensation limits:
• Up to ₹20 lakh for financial loss.
• Up to ₹1 lakh for mental agony or harassment.
• Appeal mechanism:
• Appeals can be filed with the Appellate Authority (Executive Director, RBI Mumbai) within 30 days of decision.
• Appeals can be submitted through the CMS portal or email ([email protected]).
• Appellate decisions may dismiss, allow, modify, or remand the case.
• Withdrawals: Complainants can withdraw complaints anytime via CMS portal.
• Languages supported: Hindi and English online; physical/email complaints can be filed in any language.
• Awareness initiatives: RBI runs “RBI Kehta Hai” campaigns, cyber-fraud alerts, and publishes materials like BE(A)WARE and Raju and the Forty Thieves to educate consumers.
• For failed transactions: RBI’s September 20, 2019 circular prescribes Turn Around Time (TAT) and compensation for delayed reversal of funds.
• For unauthorized transactions: As per RBI circular (July 6, 2017) —
• Zero liability if fraud results from the bank's fault or third-party breach reported within 3 working days.
• Limited liability if the customer delays reporting (4–7 days).
• Senior citizens’ protection: Banks must provide dedicated counters, doorstep banking, priority service, automatic conversion to senior citizen accounts, and life certificate submission from any branch.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: NATIONAL AND STATE NEWS

India Leads Global Solar Transformation at the 8th International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly 2025

• The Eighth International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly was held in New Delhi, where India launched major global solar initiatives to promote a just, inclusive, and innovation-led energy transition.
• The event showcased India’s leadership in advancing the global solar movement through initiatives that emphasize the circular economy, AI-driven innovation, and equitable access to clean energy.
• The key initiatives launched include:
• SUNRISE (Solar Upcycling Network for Recycling, Innovation & Stakeholder Engagement): Focuses on solar waste upcycling and circular innovation, converting expired solar panels into green jobs and sustainable products.
• OSOWOG (One Sun One World One Grid): Aims at global solar grid connectivity linking Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, enabling 24/7 solar energy trade across time zones and reducing global carbon dependency.
• Global Capability Centre (GCC): Serves as a hub for research, innovation, and startup development, creating a “Silicon Valley for Solar” in India.
• ISA Academy: An AI-powered global learning platform offering customised education and training in solar technology.
• SIDS Procurement Platform (for Small Island Developing States): Developed jointly with the World Bank, this platform enables joint solar procurement, ensuring low-cost and resilient solar energy systems for island nations.
• SUNRISE initiative aims to transform solar waste into a source of economic opportunity by promoting recycling, upcycling, and green manufacturing, creating new jobs and fostering sustainable industries.
• OSOWOG envisions a unified global solar electricity grid, interlinking regions to facilitate clean energy trade, enhance energy resilience, and promote a carbon-free energy future.
• The Global Capability Centre (GCC) and ISA Academy together form a hub-and-spoke model for solar innovation and skill development, laying the technological foundation for a global green economy.
• The SIDS Procurement Platform was signed in-principle by 16 island nations across the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean regions. It will pool demand, cut costs, and strengthen energy security for vulnerable island communities.
• Through these initiatives, India reaffirmed its commitment to driving the global solar revolution, advancing the goals of the International Solar Alliance, and establishing itself as a leader in clean energy transformation.

RECENT NEWS

• Paraguay has officially become the 100th full member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), marking a significant milestone in global solar energy cooperation.

TiEcon Delhi-NCR 2025 – Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal Calls for Technological Self-Reliance and Deeptech Innovation under Make in India

• Union Minister for Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal addressed the TiEcon Delhi-NCR 2025 Conference, urging India to reduce dependence on foreign technologies and strengthen domestic innovation under the Make in India initiative.
• The conference was held under the theme “India’s Deeptech Moment: From Digital Leadership to Technological Sovereignty,” highlighting India’s shift from digital growth to technological self-reliance.

Key Highlights

• The Minister emphasised that the spirit of Swadeshi (self-reliance) should drive India’s innovation journey, especially amid global uncertainties and changing geopolitical dynamics.
• To boost deep technology research and entrepreneurship, two major funding initiatives were announced:
• The Second Edition of the Startup Fund of Funds, aimed at supporting early-stage deeptech startups.
• The ₹1 lakh crore Anusandhan Fund, to finance research, product development, and transformative technologies in India.
• These funds are designed to strengthen India’s deeptech ecosystem, encouraging entrepreneurs to develop cutting-edge, indigenous technologies and reduce foreign dependency.
• Highlighting India’s transformation over the past decade, Goyal noted that the country has evolved from being the “software provider of the world” to becoming a global innovation hub, particularly in areas such as semiconductors and artificial intelligence (AI).
• Goyal also reflected on India’s digital journey since 2014, citing initiatives such as Jan Dhan Yojana, Aadhaar, Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), and PM-Kisan, which helped expand India’s internet user base from 250 million to over one billion.
• He stated that digital transformation has positioned India as the fourth-largest economy globally, with a goal to become the third-largest economy within two years and achieve a USD 30–32 trillion economy by 2047.

150th Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Prime Minister Narendra Modi Launches ₹150 Commemorative Coin, Postage Stamp and Development Projects Worth ₹1,219 Crore in Gujarat

• Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi commemorated the 150th Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel by launching a ₹150 denomination commemorative coin and a special postage stamp at an event held in Kevadia, Gujarat.
• The commemorative coin and postage stamp were released to honour Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s contribution to the unification of India, as he successfully integrated over 500 princely states post-independence, earning him the title “Iron Man of India.”

Key Highlights

• During the event, the Prime Minister also inaugurated and laid the foundation stones for development projects worth ₹1,219 crore, aimed at promoting infrastructure growth, sustainable transport, and tourism development around the Statue of Unity region.
• Major projects included the launch of a fleet of electric buses for eco-friendly transport, the development of a hospitality district, establishment of a Bonsai Garden, and various tourism and cultural infrastructure projects to boost regional growth.
• The celebration also featured cultural programmes and ceremonial tributes highlighting Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s legacy and his vision of “Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat” (One India, Great India) – symbolising unity, integrity, and national integration.
• Through these commemorative initiatives and development projects, the Government of India (GoI) reaffirmed its commitment to honouring Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s ideals while promoting regional development, tourism, and sustainable progress in Gujarat.

RECENT NEWS

• In a major political development on 17 October 2025, Harsh Sanghavi was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat, signaling a significant shift in the state’s political leadership.

About Gujarat:

• Chief Minister: Bhupendra Patel
• Capital: Gandhinagar
• National Parks: Gir National Park, Blackbuck National Park, Vansda National Park, Marine National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Velavadar Blackbuck Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, Purna Wildlife Sanctuary

CURRENT AFFAIRS: AWARDS AND HONOURS

Professor Ravindra Korisettar Honoured with Karnataka’s Rajyotsava Award 2025

• Renowned archaeologist Professor Ravindra Korisettar from Dharwad, Karnataka, has been honoured with the Rajyotsava Award 2025, one of the highest civilian honours of the state, for his outstanding contributions to archaeology, research, and education.
• He currently serves as a University Grants Commission (UGC) Emeritus Fellow in the Department of History and Archaeology at Karnatak University, Dharwad, with over four decades of academic and research experience.
• His scholarly work has been featured in top international journals such as Science (2007) and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (United States), highlighting his global academic impact.
• Born in 1951, Prof. Korisettar pursued Archaeology and Quaternary Studies at Poona University and received advanced training from the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) in Beijing, China.
• He has held several prestigious international fellowships, including:
• Charles Wallace–AIIT Fellowship, University of Cambridge
• Fulbright Visiting Scholar, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
• Major research contributions include:
• Multidisciplinary Kashmir Palaeoclimate Project (Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad)
• Computer Application in Archaeology Project – Developed a Gazetteer of Prehistoric Sites in India (for the Ford Foundation)
• Prehistory and Geoarchaeology of the Middle Krishna Basin
• He has collaborated extensively with institutions such as the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), University Grants Commission (UGC), and international bodies including:
• Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Canberra, Australia
• INQUA Commission on Tephrochronology, United Kingdom
• INQUA Commission on Palaeoecology and Human Evolution
• Other Rajyotsava Award 2025 recipients from the Mumbai-Karnataka region include:
• H.M. Pujar – Writer (Vijayapura)
• Sannaningappa Mushennagol – Folk Artist (Belagavi)
• Somanna Dhanagonda – Folk Artist (Vijayapura)
• Pundalika Shastri – Budabudike Player (Belagavi)
• S.V. Hittalmani – Agriculture Expert (Haveri)
• R.V. Nadagouda – Scientist (Gadag)
• L.B. Sheikhmaster – Theatre Personality (Vijayapura)
• Rajshree Nagaraju (Halgekar) – Chairperson, Maratha Mandal Society (Belagavi)
• Pavan Kumar Bhajantri – Judicial Officer (Bagalkot)
• Nagalingappa Gangur – Sculptor (Bagalkot)

CURRENT AFFAIRS : INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Dictionary.com names viral slang term “67” as its Word of the Year 2025

• Dictionary.com has chosen “67” — a number, not a traditional word — as its Word of the Year 2025, marking a first-ever numeric selection in the award’s history.
• The number symbolises Gen Z’s internet culture, representing absurdist humour, meme-driven slang, and the idea that “vibe” outweighs meaning in modern online communication.
• The term “67” (pronounced six-seven, not sixty-seven) has no fixed meaning, but is used as a reaction or expression of mood, functioning like a shrug, inside joke, or punchline.
• Origins trace back to Skrilla’s 2024 song “Doot Doot (6 7)”, NBA star LaMelo Ball (6′7″), and a viral “67 Kid” basketball clip, which helped popularise the term across TikTok and gaming communities.
• The slang falls under “brainrot slang”, where nonsense and randomness define humour; it reflects a cultural shift toward meaningless-but-funny online expression.
• com described “67” as a “linguistic time capsule of 2025”, noting that mentions of it rose sixfold in October 2025 compared to the whole of 2024.
• It is the first Word of the Year that’s more of an interjection than a word, used to shout emotion rather than describe meaning.
• The selection highlights how numbers, memes, and emotions are merging in online language, showing a new phase of digital linguistics driven by youth culture, TikTok trends, and gaming slang.

Minister of State Kirti Vardhan Singh to Head Indian Delegation at 19th NAM Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting

• Union Minister of State (MoS) Kirti Vardhan Singh from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) led the Indian delegation at the 19th Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) held in Kampala, Uganda.
• The 19th NAM Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting took place from October 15–16, 2025, under the theme “Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence.”
• During the visit, MoS Kirti Vardhan Singh met Uganda’s President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni and discussed trade, investment, capacity building, healthcare, education, and digital transformation

About NAM :

• The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) as a forum of developing nations advocating independence from major power blocs.
• NAM Membership:
• 120 member countries
• 17 observer countries
• 10 observer international organizations
• Founding leaders of NAM:
• India (Jawaharlal Nehru)
• Yugoslavia (Josip Broz Tito)
• Egypt (Gamal Abdel Nasser)
• Ghana (Kwame Nkrumah)
• Indonesia (Sukarno)

CURRENT AFFAIRS : APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Justice Surya Kant named next Chief Justice of India, to assume office on November 24

• President Droupadi Murmu appointed Justice Surya Kant as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI), effective 24 November 2025, following the recommendation of outgoing CJI Justice BR Gavai, whose tenure ends on 23 November 2025.
• The appointment was officially announced by Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal, who extended congratulations via social media.
• Justice Surya Kant is a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India, recognised for his work in constitutional law, human rights, and social justice.
• He previously served as the Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and as a judge at the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
• The appointment follows the collegium convention, under which the senior-most judge is recommended as the next Chief Justice of India.
• Justice Surya Kant was elevated to the Supreme Court on 24 May 2019 and will retire on 9 February 2027, serving a tenure of 1 year, 3 months, and 15 days as CJI.
• He will also assume charge as the Chairman of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee from 12 November 2025.
• His tenure is expected to focus on addressing judicial pendency, speedy justice delivery, judicial digitisation, and constitutional reforms.
• The Chief Justice of India serves as the head of the Indian judiciary, presiding over Supreme Court benches, allocating cases, and playing a key role in judicial appointments and policy decisions.

92-year-old Paul Biya re-elected as Cameroon’s President, extending his record as world’s oldest leader

• In October 2025, Paul Barthélemy Biya’a bi Mvondo, the Incumbent President of Cameroon representing the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM), won the 2025 Presidential Election, securing 53.7% of votes against Issa Tchiroma Bakary, who received 35.2%.
• This victory marked Paul Biya’s eighth consecutive term in office.
• With this win, Paul Biya became the world’s longest-serving and oldest President at the age of 92 years.
• He first joined the Presidency of the Republic in 1962 and held several administrative and ministerial roles, including Secretary-General of the Presidency (1968–1975).
• In 1975, he was appointed Prime Minister (PM) by then-President Ahmadou Ahidjo, and in 1982, he succeeded Ahidjo as President of Cameroon.
• He was re-elected in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997, 2004, 2011, 2018, and 2025, demonstrating his long political dominance.
• In 2008, he abolished presidential term limits, allowing him to run indefinitely and extend his decades-long rule.

About Cameroon :

• Prime Minister : Joseph Ngute
• Capital : Yaoundé
• Currency : Central African CFA franc

CURRENT AFFAIRS : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Scientists launch AmazonFACE project to study impact of rising CO₂ on Amazon rainforest

• In October 2025, scientists began the AmazonFACE project in the Amazon rainforest to study how rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels will affect the world’s largest tropical forest.
• The project aims to simulate future climate conditions and understand how the forest adapts to higher CO₂ levels.
• The experiment is led by the National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA) with support from Universidade Estadual de Campinas and is located near Manaus, Brazil.
• The site contains six large steel rings built above the forest canopy, each enclosing 50–70 mature trees.
• CO₂ gas will be released into three rings to replicate levels expected by 2050–2060, while the other three serve as control groups.
• The technique used is called FACE (Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment), which increases CO₂ concentration in open-air settings without greenhouses.
• Sensors record data every ten minutes, tracking how trees absorb CO₂, release oxygen and water vapor, and respond to sunlight, rain, and storms.
• The goal is to determine whether the Amazon will remain a carbon sink or become less effective at balancing Earth’s atmosphere under future conditions.
• The project is jointly supported by Brazil and the United Kingdom and is the first FACE experiment conducted in a tropical rainforest.
• Scientists plan to create artificial microclimates with higher CO₂ to study different forest responses.
• Findings will inform discussions at the COP30 Climate Summit in Belem, Brazil (Nov 10–21, 2025), guiding global climate policy and rainforest protection strategies.
• The project is described as a “new frontier in environmental science”, providing crucial insights into the future of tropical ecosystems and climate resilience.

Russia Successfully Tests Nuclear-Powered ‘Poseidon’ Underwater Super Weapon

• Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia successfully tested its nuclear-powered “Poseidon” Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), described as a “super weapon” due to its impossible-to-intercept capability.
• Poseidon, named after the Greek god of the sea, measures 20 metres in length, 8 metres in diameter, and weighs 100 tonnes.
• The UUV, known to NATO as Kanyon (formerly Status-6), has an operational strike range of 10,000 km (6,200 miles) and can reach speeds up to 185 km/h.
• It can carry a 2-megaton (MT) nuclear warhead, capable of causing massive coastal destruction, and is launched from Belgorod-class (Project 09852) and Khabarovsk-class submarines.
• Poseidon’s warhead is 100 times smaller than conventional submarine-launched missiles but more powerful than Russia’s “Sarmat” intercontinental ballistic missile (SS-X-29/Satan II).

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited to produce Russia’s SJ-100 passenger aircraft domestically in India

• In October 2025, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) signed an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Russia’s Public Joint Stock Company United Aircraft Corporation (PJSC-UAC) in Moscow, Russia, to manufacture the Superjet 100 (SJ-100) civil commuter aircraft in India.
• The MoU grants HAL exclusive rights to manufacture the SJ-100 aircraft for domestic customers in India.
• The objective of the MoU is to enhance regional and short-haul connectivity under the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)
• This marks India’s first complete passenger aircraft project since the Avro Hawker Siddeley 748 (1961–1988), signifying India’s return to civil aircraft manufacturing.
• The SJ-100, formerly known as the Sukhoi Superjet 100, is a twin-engine regional jet with a seating capacity of up to 103 passengers and a range of 3,530 km.
• Over 200 SJ-100 aircraft are already in service with 16 airlines worldwide, offering fuel efficiency, low operating costs, and reliable performance across extreme temperatures from –55°C to +45°C.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: MOUS AND AGREEMENT

Visakhapatnam Port Authority Signs MoUs Worth ₹39,216 Crore at India Maritime Week 2025

• During India Maritime Week (IMW) 27-31 October 2025 held in Mumbai, the Visakhapatnam Port Authority (VPA) signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) worth ₹39,216 crore, highlighting Andhra Pradesh’s growing role in India’s blue economy and maritime development.
• The Government of Andhra Pradesh signed an MoU with VPA for a mega port-cum-shipbuilding and ship repair cluster at Dugarajapatnam, involving an investment of ₹29,662 crore.

Key Highlights

• This project aims to create large-scale employment, boost Make in India shipbuilding, position Andhra Pradesh as a global shipbuilding hub, and integrate with India’s coastal industrial corridors.
• A Korean firm, HD Korean Shipbuilders Offshore Engineers Ltd, also expressed interest in providing technical consultations for the Dugarajapatnam mega project.
• VPA signed an MoU worth ₹3,000 crore with MECON India for developing modern stackyards and railway sidings to enhance logistics efficiency and trade connectivity.
• With HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited), VPA will invest ₹487.38 crore to mechanise and modernise cargo berths using digital and green technologies, supporting eco-friendly port operations.
• NBCC (India) Limited (National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited) will assist in the monetisation and development of Harbour Park land.
• Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) will construct internal flyovers within the port premises to improve infrastructure and traffic flow.
• These agreements collectively reinforce VPA’s commitment to sustainable port development and Andhra Pradesh’s emergence as a maritime and shipbuilding hub in India.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: SPORTS NEWS

Punjab’s Namitbir Singh Walia Becomes International Master in Chess

• In a remarkable achievement for Punjab, Namitbir Singh Walia from Jalandhar has earned the prestigious title of International Master (IM) in chess, becoming Punjab’s second-ever IM after Dushyant Sharma.
• He secured his final IM norm at the 3rd Annemasse International Masters Tournament in France, where he finished fourth overall, marking a proud milestone for Punjab’s chess community.
• Namitbir’s training began under Kanwarjit Singh, his first coach, before advancing to work with international mentors such as Alexander (Ukraine) and Swayam Mishra (Assam).
• His major achievements include:
• Winner of the 65th Odisha Senior State FIDE Rating Open Chess Championship 2025
• Attained a peak FIDE classical rating of approximately 2408
• Consistent participation in national and international chess tournaments
• Punjab’s chess legacy continues to grow, with both Namitbir Singh Walia and Dushyant Sharma from Jalandhar establishing the city as a hub of emerging chess talent in the state.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: IMPORTANT DAYS

World Vegan Day 2025 is observed on 1st November

• World Vegan Day 2025 is observed on the 1st of November 2025.
• The 2025 World Vegan Day theme is expected to focus on “veganism and its positive impact on the planet, animals, and human health". 
• The vegan society organizes New Food Stalls, Potluck dinners in communities, and friends, and their families to promote Veganism. They spread veganism in three different sectors.

History

• The World Vegan Society was formed in 1944 by Louise Wallis. But the Name “Vegan” was first coined by Donald Watson and his wife Dorothy Morgan in the year 1944.
• The vegan society aims not only to keep the Vegan Society alive but also to promote Vegan diets all over the world. World Vegan Day 2025 is celebrated for the anniversary of the Vegan Society in 1944 and it attained its 50th anniversary in 1994.
• Every Year Society tries to increase the number of Vegan diet followers and to make people adopt the vegan culture
• . There are different types of Vegans. They are Dietary Vegans, Ethical Vegans, and Environmental Vegans. Dietary vegans are the vegans who follow vegetarian diets. They even avoid dairy products and leather products.
• Ethical Vegans spread Vegan culture to other areas and make them follow Vegan culture by spreading the Vegan Ideology. This is called Ethical Vegan. Environmental Vegans are the Vegans who avoid even animal products inside their premises and they are against Industrial farming of animals that are environmentally damaging and unsustainable.

All Saints' Day 2025 is observed on 1st November.

• All Saints' Day 2025 is observed on the 1st of November 2025.  
• All Saints' Day is called the Day of Holy Obligations. The Church members can attend All Saints' Day Mass except on Saturday and Monday.

History

• All Saints' Day was first celebrated on May 13th in the year 609 A.D. Pope Boniface IV decided to celebrate All Saints' Day.
• The last part of the followers has many different celebrations for saints.
• Later Pope Gregory III in 690 A.D. combined all the celebrations into one and made November 1 All Saints' Day. All Saints' Day is celebrated to honour the saints who were dead on that day or in that year.
• They usually celebrate the Saints' death differently whereas they celebrate the death of the Children separately. The Government used all its powers to make Saints' Day observance in all parts of Christian Sects and Denominations.
• Every year various Influential persons are used for the celebration so that All Saints' Day is observed in new and different parts of the world.

Daily CA One- Liner: November 1

• The Eighth International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly was held in New Delhi, where India launched major global solar initiatives to promote a just, inclusive, and innovation-led energy transition
• Union Minister for Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal addressed the TiEcon Delhi-NCR 2025 Conference, urging India to reduce dependence on foreign technologies and strengthen domestic innovation under the Make in India initiative
• Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi commemorated the 150th Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel by launching a ₹150 denomination commemorative coin and a special postage stamp at an event held in Kevadia, Gujarat
• Renowned archaeologist Professor Ravindra Korisettar from Dharwad, Karnataka, has been honoured with the Rajyotsava Award 2025, one of the highest civilian honours of the state, for his outstanding contributions to archaeology, research, and education
• During India Maritime Week (IMW) 27-31 October 2025 held in Mumbai, the Visakhapatnam Port Authority (VPA) signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) worth ₹39,216 crore, highlighting Andhra Pradesh’s growing role in India’s blue economy and maritime development
• In a remarkable achievement for Punjab, Namitbir Singh Walia from Jalandhar has earned the prestigious title of International Master (IM) in chess, becoming Punjab’s second-ever IM after Dushyant Sharma.
• In October 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the provisional results of the 2024–25 Annual Census on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA).
• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) released a consultation paper proposing a comprehensive revamp of the mutual fund fee framework in India to make charges clearer, fairer, and more beneficial for investors.
• In October 2025, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a USD 460 million results-based loan for the ‘Maharashtra Power Distribution Enhancement Program for Agricultural Solarization’ to strengthen rural power infrastructure and promote solar-powered irrigation.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released a draft circular (dated 29 October 2025) proposing a major update to India’s cross-border payment framework to ensure faster and more transparent remittance processing.
• In October 2025, the SBI Foundation, CSR arm of State Bank of India (SBI), launched the SMART-CROP (Sustainable Monitoring and Real-time Tracking for Crop Resilience and Optimal Practices) project in Hyderabad, Telangana.
• The Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate for the second time in 2025, lowering the target range to 3.75%–4.00% to support a cooling labor market amid persistent inflation and internal policy disagreements.
• In October 2025, IA Fintech IFSC Private Limited (IA Fintech), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infibeam Avenues Limited (IAL), received in-principle approval from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) to operate as a Payment Service Provider (PSP) at GIFT-IFSC, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• The Reserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021 was launched on November 12, 2021, integrating three earlier schemes — Banking Ombudsman Scheme (2006), NBFC Ombudsman Scheme (2018), and Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme (2019) — into one unified mechanism.
• Dictionary.com has chosen “67” — a number, not a traditional word — as its Word of the Year 2025, marking a first-ever numeric selection in the award’s history.
• Union Minister of State (MoS) Kirti Vardhan Singh from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) led the Indian delegation at the 19th Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) held in Kampala, Uganda.
• President Droupadi Murmu appointed Justice Surya Kant as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI), effective 24 November 2025, following the recommendation of outgoing CJI Justice BR Gavai, whose tenure ends on 23 November 2025.
• In October 2025, Paul Barthélemy Biya’a bi Mvondo, the Incumbent President of Cameroon representing the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM), won the 2025 Presidential Election, securing 53.7% of votes against Issa Tchiroma Bakary, who received 35.2%.
• In October 2025, scientists began the AmazonFACE project in the Amazon rainforest to study how rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels will affect the world’s largest tropical forest.
• Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia successfully tested its nuclear-powered “Poseidon” Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), described as a “super weapon” due to its impossible-to-intercept capability.
• In October 2025, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) signed an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Russia’s Public Joint Stock Company United Aircraft Corporation (PJSC-UAC) in Moscow, Russia, to manufacture the Superjet 100 (SJ-100) civil commuter aircraft in India.
• World Vegan Day 2025 is observed on the 1st of November 2025
• All Saints' Day 2025 is observed on the 1st of November 2025.